Matcha Tea. A nap lasting around 15-20 minutes should give the caffeine necessary time to kick in. Everyone needs to sit down and have a cup of tea…Enjoy your tea with a splash of milk or a teaspoon of agave, honey, or even granulated sugar. Where to buy. Caffeine can prevent some from falling asleep and interferes with deep sleep, which can lead to fatigue during the day. 0: A&W Diet Creme Soda: 22. It works by simulating a keypress once every 59 seconds, so your machine thinks. Our Top Picks. People prone to migraines may experience more headaches after coffee consumption (perhaps by effects on serotonin or brain electrical activity), but coffee itself, or the caffeine it contains, is not considered the actual cause of migraines. 09 (% w/w) using FT-IR-ATR, 1. Kola nuts, which are used to flavor soft drink colas. Metabolism of Caffeine. One of the first questions people tend to have about caffeine vapes is exactly how much caffeine they have. Chronic caffeine use results in an adaptation of the vascular adenosine receptor system presumably to compensate for the vasoconstrictive effects of caffeine. 205 mg. That’s about 3-5 cups of coffee or 2-4 caffeine pills. Caffeine does affect the body, and excessive amounts can have a negative impact on bodily functions. Enhancing physical performance and endurance. Caffeine pills are a popular method for boosting short-term energy and focus, often during work or study. 1. 4. A 2014 review, which looked at the results of 20 different studies with a. There are many white-label or in-store labels of soft drinks that contain caffeine. Caffeine has a half-life of about 5 hours. An eight-ounce cup of coffee contains 80 to 135 milligrams of caffeine. A recent study has raised questions about the impact of chronic caffeine consumption on our brain’s ability to adapt and learn. After a college student took nearly 800 mg of caffeine — double what dietitians recommend — for a TikTok, he vomited and said it was the 'worst day' of his life. Black Tea Lemonade. The caffeine content of commonly used sources of caffeine is shown in Table 1. If. It offers configuration options, allowing the user to choose whether to keep the display active. Symptoms of caffeine allergy. The USDA states that 100 grams, or 3. Caffeine is a diuretic and can cause dehydration. Caffeine is a natural central nervous system stimulant, having the effects ofWhile caffeine toxicity is a real threat, nerve damage is not specifically stated as a side effect in studies. . If you're cutting back on caffeine and switching over to. Green tea (8 ounces): 30 to 50 mg. cache. Doses of approximately 0. [12] It is mainly used recreationally, as a eugeroic ( wakefulness promoter) or as a mild cognitive enhancer to increase alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine withdrawal has been shown to have its own correlates in terms of decreased performance in both humans Citation 46 and animals. If you were to have 2 of those coffees per day, that’s about 400mg of caffeine. This recipe tastes just like the food court staple, allowing you to have an afternoon refresher whenever you need a pick-me-up. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice, but calorie needs vary. The coffee fruit is considered to be a superfood because it is rich in the following nutrients: Caffeine. More than 400 milligrams of caffeine is more likely to cause problems. If a. But caffeine does so much more than. Caffeine and Substance Use Disorders. (c) Design an experiment using artificial flowers to investigate potential negative effects of increasing caffeine concentrations in nectar on the number of floral visits by bees. The means of the three methods were compared by applying one way analysis of variance and at p = 0. That means you don't need to wait 30-60 minutes for peak effect like you do when you chug a Red Bull. Here are some beverages to consider: Caffeine-Free Coca Cola (12 ounces): 140 calories. On its own, caffeine has no flavor and does not have any nutritional value. Facts The Untold Truth Of Fruitopia enase/Shutterstock By Crysta Coburn / Updated: Jan. Long-term Caffeine improves/increases the long-term memory/memory at 24 hours. Caffeine--the drug that gives coffee and cola its kick--has a number of physiological effects. I drank pepsi for 2 weeks straitgh, after off caffeine for long time, and noticed this. However, you may want to take a look at your intake if you experience any of these negative side effects: nervous, dizzy, or irritable. Most studies say less than 400 milligrams (mg) daily poses no significant risk of health problems, including osteoporosis. It’s hard to overdose on caffeine by drinking coffee; you’d. Cool the solution but, while it is still warm, vacuum filter through a Buchner funnel using a fast filter paper, if available. One Starbucks Venti brewed coffee. Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. 1. Those properties include arousal, motor activation, and reinforcing effects. Thanks to a short brew time, most cups hover around 20 to 30 milligrams. Does caffeine interact with my other drugs? Enter other medications to view a detailed report. Caffeine can lead to headaches or an upset stomach, and may cause people to have trouble sleeping, feel jittery or get heart palpitations, when their intake is high (about four cups of coffee a. The upper intake limit (UL) of caffeine intake is 400mg for adults and less than 85mg for kids. Caffeine and other energy ingredients tend to have a bitter taste, so as soon as the sweetener is dissolved, what remains can be unpleasant to the palate. 23, 2022 1:30 pm EST When Fruitopia was introduced in 1994, Coca-Cola shook up its marketing tactics to please a crowd of baby boomers and Generation Xers who were moving away from the fizz of Coke. 0001). 19 g/mol. 0 mg kg −1 (∼40–300 mg) can improve cognitive function in rested individuals, whereas doses of 3–7 mg kg −1 (∼200–500 mg) ingested approximately 1 h prior to exercise can enhance physical performance. Caffeine is a regular part of the diet of many adults (coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks). Instant coffee (8 oz): 27 to 173 mg (often around 65 to 90 mg) Instant decaf coffee (8 oz): 2 to 12 mg. Lack of sleep is a recipe for general crankiness. Monster energy. 12-ounce beverage: milligrams: 7-Up: 0: A&W Creme Soda: 29. Black tea does not contain calories, fats, protein, fiber. Food and Drug Administration considers 400 milligrams (about 4 cups brewed coffee) a safe amount of caffeine for healthy adults to consume daily. Coffee and caffeine-containing products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity. Caffeine can raise whole-body fat oxidation rates (at rest and during exercise) [19][20] and increase daily energy expenditure [21][22] but the effects are negligible — approximately 400 kilojoules or 100 kilocalories per day. It’s found in the seeds, nuts and leaves of a number of different plants. Best Non-Stim Pump Pre-Workout: Transparent Labs Pump. You know that caffeine makes you feel more alert and less sleepy, but you may not know that the effects from drinking caffeine can linger for hours after you feel that initial jolt. Decaf coffee is the winner if you want to reduce the amount of caffeine in your diet. ( KOIN) – A new study evaluating the combined effects of alcohol and caffeine found that both substances, when used together, have an. Black tea. Studies have found that dark roast coffee beans tend to contain slightly less caffeine than light roast coffee beans. The A 1 receptor–mediated “unwanted” anxiogenic effects of caffeine may be ameliorated by alcohol. S. By blocking a brain chemical that makes us feel sleepy, it helps us feel more awake and alert. Tea and bone health. Just 8 ounces of green tea contains between 20 and 50 milligrams of caffeine. Caffeine as a cure. There has been recent interest in the ergogenic effects of caffeine delivered in low doses (~ 200 mg or ~ 3 mg/kg body mass) and administered in forms other than capsules, coffee and sports drinks, including chewing gum, bars, gels, mouth rinses, energy drinks and aerosols. Any vitamins in a fruit drink must be added. Regular coffee (8 ounces): 80 to 100 mg. In healthy young individuals, the administration of. 95 at Amazon (Save $200) The Best Espresso Machines: See why we named this machine the best for latte art. Orange Julius is a must-have every time I take a trip to the mall. Huffman says. Green tea, including sencha, contains a moderate amount of caffeine. Bittersweet chocolate (55% cocoa): 124 mg of caffeine. Caffeine is the most widely use mind-altering substance in the world. There are 62 drugs known to interact with caffeine, along with 11 disease interactions, and 5 alcohol/food interactions. Milo, a favorite drink in Singapore, does contain caffeine, but not much. Jump to Review. Caffeine is a drug that stimulates (increases the activity of) your brain and nervous system. Since medication combinations are very hard to control, a person taking both amphetamines and caffeine will also get a. But here's the thing: When you're dehydrated, your large intestine will absorb as much water from food waste as it. Fruit drinks or fruit beverages are not, even ones claiming to be "made with real fruit. Dunkin' Donuts coffee (16 oz): 143 to 206 mg. Nevertheless, those effects are milder. 1 g Vitamin C 100 % Fruitopia is a fruit-flavored drink introduced by the Coca-Cola Company 's successful Minute Maid brand in 1994 and targeted at teens and young adults. Caffeine is so widely available that the U. 6% of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 and 31. Based on their review of 95 studies, the authors suggest limiting total caffeine consumption from all beverages, including coffee, to 400 milligrams per day. Caffeine Content of Soft Drinks Listed Alphabetically by Brand. Caffeine has a bitter taste. Did you know? The 80 mg of caffeine contained in one 250-ml can of Red Bull Energy Drink is about the same amount as in a cup of. Pouch Type:Additional studies have shown that caffeine can also reduce the appearance of cellulite. Red Bull - 80 milligrams. If you have questions about our food, please reach out to the McDonald’s Guest Relations Contact Centre at 1-888-424-4622. The average U. Caffeine content: 1,350 mg caffeine per 12-ounce cup. Caffeine makes you feel alert and awake but also leads to a heightened stress response in the body. Anxiousness. 80 mg. combination testosterone with 0. One of the active ingredients often mentioned as a candidate for interactions with caffeine is the beta-amino acid, taurine. [4] Dark roasted coffees actually have less caffeine than lighter roasts. Caffeine is a drug of the methylxanthine class used for a variety of purposes, including certain respiratory conditions of the premature newborn, pain relief, and to combat drowsiness. How Much Caffeine Is in Decaf Tea? The amount of caffeine in decaf tea can vary depending on the type and brand that you consume. In a June 2020 review in StatPearls , the authors note that complications of caffeine overdose include neurologic changes (among others) and could ultimately result in kidney injury, muscle tissue injury or heart attack. Caffeine can stimulate the central nervous system, providing a. Protects skin from damage. Created by Saanika Gupta. Best for improving concentration: Vali Caffeine & L-Theanine. That means it improves endurance and speed. However. Cola products have about 30-40 mg of caffeine, and most energy drinks have about 60-70 mg. The ability of caffeine to enhance cognitive and physical function is dose-dependent. Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) Caffeine is an odorless, white solid that has the form of needles or powder. Store-brand Cola; Store-brand Soda; Is this per serving or bottle/can? The caffeine amounts listed are always for the entire container. Although taurine is. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. PORTLAND, Ore. Caffeine neuropathy is uncommon, though caffeine does induce other side effects, such as dizziness, nausea, insomnia and more. 1. Caffeine may have a greater effect on people who are sensitive to it. Watch. Caffeine is completely absorbed by the intestinal tract (ie, its bioavailability is 100%) [] and it is highly soluble in water as well as a range of non-polar organic solvents []. Includes - Coffee Body Wash with Berries for Energizing & De-Tan - 200ml. Researchers from University of Washington and University of California, Berkley hypothesized that combining caffeine and alcohol, “the two most popular psychoactive drugs in the world,” would. Certain foods or drinks like coffee are thought to trigger episodes of migraine, but the true cause is. Caffeine may cause tingling in high doses, or if you suffer an allergic reaction. Boil the solution on a hot plate for 20 minutes with occasional stirring. Experts generally recommend that if you’re living with anxiety, panic disorders, or some other conditions, you should limit or avoid caffeine altogether. Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, energy drinks, tea, and chocolate. In an average-sized adult or child above the age of 9, the half-life of caffeine is approximately 5 hours. Starbucks Drink Sizes and Caffeine Content. C affeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world. The caffeine content of the green coffee beans was found to be 1. 88 mg of caffeine for every fl oz and 23. 5 cups of coffee (1 cup = 8 ounces). This article takes an in-depth look at 9 of the top evidence-based benefits of coffee. Quinic acid. 01). Some studies suggest caffeine is associated with weight loss, but more research is needed. That means it improves endurance and speed. Check out the Caffeine app so you can: • Enjoy the best live and recorded sports events with your community. Death Wish sparked the “world’s strongest coffee” trend with its Super Bowl ad a few years ago but has since conjured up a lot of competition. insomnia. The Flavour of Red Fruitopia. When caffeine is consumed in moderation, its desired effects can include mood enhancement, alertness, improved focus, and quicker processing times. Modern-day members of the LDS are allowed to drink herbal teas and hot chocolate, and recently, church authorities lifted the ban on caffeinated drinks like soda. 05) and also after 60 min of resting (P<0. For caffeine to have a significant diuretic effect, studies show that you need to consume more than 500 mg per day — or the equivalent of 5 cups (40 ounces or 1. "Caffeine is a stimulant that increases circulation, allowing beneficial nutrients and oxygen to be delivered to the hair follicles to keep them healthy," explains Dr. Caffeine is a small utility program that prevents your computer from going to sleep without having to change Windows' settings. Caffeine in 1 fluid ounce of Starbucks coffee according to brewing method. Developer's Description. The FDA hasn't set guidelines. Caffeine crosses both. $273. Associations between caffeine intake and stress, anxiety, and depression. 3 /17. Caffeine (say: KA-feen) is a natural chemical found in tea leaves, coffee beans, cacao (the stuff used to make chocolate), and kola nuts (the plant that gives cola soda its flavor). Ready to ship. Physical Response: Can help release endorphins. Fruitopia History. The Washington Post. The major metabolites of caffeine can be found excreted in the urine. Overthinking etc. We can't talk about nostalgic treats without mentioning Fruitopia. Instant coffee (8 oz): 27 to 173 mg (often around 65 to 90 mg) Instant decaf coffee (8 oz): 2 to 12 mg. 2. Two-and-a-half 16 fl oz Monster Energy Drinks. Racing heartbeat. • Create related live streams for sports fans and make money. 5–4. Expect to find 5. Coffee and caffeine-containing products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity. If you have a high tolerance to caffeine, we recommend no more than two CELSIUS cans every 24 hours. Caffeine is a naturally occurring central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most widely taken psychoactive stimulant globally. Either way, both of these are higher than the average cup of jasmine tea’s 25-50mg. While we may not view caffeine as a drug, it technically is, since it's a stimulant that affects the central nervous system. Best Overall: BeautyStat Dark Circle Reducing Vitamin C Eye Cream. The most popular non-coffee drinks at Starbucks include: Iced Chai Tea Latte, Iced Matcha Latte, Strawberry Acai Refresher, Mango Dragonfruit Refresher. 05 significance level the means were not. Does Snapple have caffeine in its products? Yes, caffeine is naturally found in tea, and actual amounts may vary for each flavor of Snapple tea. “Some people, that one serving will have no effect on them. In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Magnesium. Dietary rules and restrictions are a common part of many world religions. While the caffeine in Diet Coke is quite high compared to regular Coke, both are low compared to other beverages. This was a marketing ploy used by Coca-Cola to compete with Snapple and some. " Fruit juice also naturally contains vitamins and minerals. The standard cup of coffee typically has about 109 milligrams of caffeine, but plenty of brands contain more. The caffeine found in your morning cup of coffee is also a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, teas, chocolate and energy drinks. 4–0. S. coffee (16 oz): 206 mg. It acts on your brain and nervous system. On average, a Starbucks K-Cup contains approximately 100 to 130 milligrams of caffeine per 8-ounce cup of coffee. rapid heartbeat. Good news: coffee has a number of short-term benefits for students. Background: Caffeine has been purported to have anxiogenic and panicogenic properties, specifically salient in patients with panic disorder (PD). When you mix a stimulant. Peppermint. Caffeine. 005% caffeine. Dr Pepper Soda, 12 fl oz cans, 12 pack. Caffeine has raised $146 million to date from investors in 3 rounds led by 21st Century Fox, Andreessen Horowitz, and Greylock Partners. Coffee: It’s all about a safe dose of caffeine, so be weary of those double espresso shots. It comes in both 32-bit and 64-bit downloads. For example, the FDA reports that a 12-ounce can of soda has 30 to 40 milligrams of caffeine, while an 8-ounce cup of coffee provides 80 to 100 milligrams. As we know, coffee can stimulate the gut and have a laxative effect. "It still does have its properties acting in your system for many, many hours, even after you might not feel the stimulating effects of it," says Dr. Grocery Why Fruitopia Was Discontinued YouTube By Naveena Vijayan / Dec. Read on to learn about how the drug affects dopamine, another important chemical in the body. Robyn Song/Tasting Table. 1. One study showed that the half-life of caffeine in healthy adults is 5. Table 6. Yes, so so much. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 12- to 18-year-olds should have no more than 100 mg of caffeine a day, and those under 12 shouldn’t have any. Fruitopia is a fruit-flavored drink introduced by the Coca-Cola Company's successful Minute Maid brand in 1994 and targeted at teens and young adults. Grocery Why Fruitopia Was Discontinued YouTube By Naveena Vijayan / Dec. 28 mg caffeine. Even though brewed espresso has the highest caffeine content per ounce, Starbucks espresso-based beverages actually have the least amount of caffeine when compared to the other types of brewed coffee drinks. Terez & Honor’s Caffeine Anti-Hair Loss Shampoo comes highly recommended by professional hairstylist Joseph Michael, who explains “caffeine helps to suppress the hair loss hormone called DHT at the follicle,” resulting in a decreased amount of hair loss. Tea also. Hot Chocolate. Several side effects of caffeine withdrawal include reduced alertness and activeness, drowsiness and feeling foggy, so you may want to brace yourself before quitting for good, per the National Library of Medicine. While these studies are interesting, rats aren't people. The amount of caffeine in cocoa powder is more of an afterthought, as you're likely focused on the powder's appealing smell and palate-pleasing uses. This article takes an in-depth look at 9 of the top evidence-based benefits of coffee. If buying a coffee in a coffee shop or drinking espresso, it can be significantly higher. 7. Coca-cola. Definition of fruitopia in the Definitions. CachingProvider on the classpath (that is, a JSR-107 compliant caching library exists on the classpath), and the JCacheCacheManager is provided by the spring-boot-starter-cache “Starter”. According to New York Times business reports, it was invented as part of a push by Minute Maid to capitalize on the success of Snapple and other flavored tea drinks. Caffeine may not affect you due to your genetics. Its IUPAC name is 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6 (3H,7H)-dione 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. Green tea and black tea contain around 30 to 50 milligrams of caffeine, while energy drinks can have up to 250 milligrams per 8 ounces. Various compliant libraries are available, and Spring Boot provides dependency management for. The brand gained substantial hype in the mid-1990s before enduring la…Coca-Cola By Autumn Swiers / May 29, 2022 8:30 pm EST Forget Dunkaroos and Oreo O's cereal. It does this by increasing blood levels of the hormone epinephrine ( 9 , 10 ). However, some people are much more sensitive to. If you are new to energy drinks, we recommend drinking no more than one CELSIUS in a 24-hour period. Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout for Muscle Gain: Legion Athletics Pulse. Procedure. This is because things like black, green, or white tea all originate from the same plant: the Camellia sinensis. However, pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake to. 95 at Amazon (Save $200) The Best Espresso. Caffeine wasn’t. In some cases, caffeine may ease headaches and enhance over-the-counter (OTC) headache treatments. Individuals who habitually drink caffeine-contained beverages may develop a physical, emotional, and psychological dependence on it and may experience a. A severe overdose of Adderall can cause convulsions, coma, and death, while a severe caffeine overdose may lead to convulsions and severe nausea. [6] The word “caffeine” is from the German Kaffe (“ coffee ”). 50 ± 0. Decaffeinated varieties, such as caffeine-free Coca-Cola, are also available for those looking to cut their caffeine intake. trouble swallowing. There is also synthetic (man-made) caffeine, which is added to some medicines, foods, and drinks. In moderate doses, these can be beneficial and safe to use. So, rest assured, you can continue to enjoy your cup of hot Milo every night without significantly impacting your sleep. But, it also affects your circulatory system. 2. Caffeine is a bitter substance that occurs naturally in more than 60 plants including: Coffee beans. $280 $180. Tall (12 ounces): 255–280 mg. Devil Mountain Co. Arabica beans contain 12 milligrams of caffeine per gram. It may be worth cutting back little by little to lessen your chance of experiencing these unpleasant side effects. Description The Fruitopia Orange Groove is exclusive to McDonalds in Canada. com price $6. The other danger with caffeine gum is ingesting too much caffeine. For a nutty caffeine free beverage, ask for this delicious Starbucks drink that is flavored with sweet pistachio mixed with milk and ice. Caffeine pill: 100 to 200 mg. You can expect to get around 95 mg of. Caffeine’s effects on gestational health have received widespread attention since the 1980s []. This equates to 12. 5–4. What’s my daily safe maximum? For a single dose, health authorities recommend consuming no more than 200 mg of caffeine at one time. Consuming no caffeine at all can help ensure you’re getting all of the nutrients possible from your diet. The difference is that fruit juice is squeezed from fresh fruit. The manufacturers have said that they use caffeine to add flavor to their drinks and that it. In a new study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry, scientists found that long-term caffeine users may exhibit decreased brain plasticity, a critical factor in the processes of learning and memory, when subjected to. It works by simulating a keypress once every 59 seconds, so your machine thinks you're still working at the keyboard, so won't lock the screen or activate the screensaver. Coffee contains caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant that is known for its. The beverage, it says, was released by Coke in 1994, with a $30 million advertising effort to emulate fruity soda-alternatives like Snapple. This is equivalent to 4. Coffee not only helps you to focus – there are a nice range of boosts that give you a “turbo-charge” when you’re studying:. You might recognize it from your. If you’re like me and drink a big cup (or glass) of coffee, you’re looking at around 200mg of caffeine. Fruitopia was introduced by Coca-Cola in 1994. 1. Adenosine isn't the only neurotransmitter affected by caffeine. restlessness. Antioxidants. Cool the solution but, while it is still warm, vacuum filter through a Buchner funnel using a fast filter paper, if available. Further, caffeine dependence can become a hard-to-shake habit, leading to a full-blown substance use. Increasingly, the thirsty masses were turning to so-called “new age” or “alternative” drinks—especially Snapple, a proudly health-minded libation that spoofed. During pregnancy, caffeine’s metabolic rate in mothers is significantly decreased, especially after the first trimester [], and the half-life of caffeine increases from 2. Energy drinks often have more caffeine and sugar than soft drinks. So caffeine contains two amine and two amide functional groups. Meaning of fruitopia. Red Fruitopia is a delicious and refreshing fruit beverage with no artificial flavours or caffeine. Commercially, tea producers use a few different methods to extract caffeine. As many as 85% of Americans consume caffeine daily, with the average cup of coffee containing anywhere from 40 to 150 mg of caffeine. Better For You Alternative: Sweetened with plant-derived stevia leaf extract and available in 15 delicious flavors, Zevia sodas are. An 8-ounce (240 mL) serving of coffee provides 96 mg of caffeine, while the same amount of green tea provides 29 mg ( 5, 6 ). The drink's popularity was aided by its media attention in the mid-1990s, even being mentioned during an episode of The Simpsons. With a name that’s straight to the point, Very Strong Coffee is made in the UK with 100% Robusta coffee beans, which have naturally higher caffeine. We think the especially glamorous-looking GE Café is a nice pickup during Black. This equates to 6. You’d have to consume 92 cups of Milo to get the caffeine equivalent of one shot of espresso. More than 85% of the United States population consumes at least one caffeinated beverage each day, and 96% of that consumption comes from coffee, tea, and soft drinks. Half-life is the amount of time it takes for a quantity of a substance to be. Instagram In order to lean into the whole '90s new age thing, Coca-Cola created a sort of nouveau-hippie campaign, complete with. Wiki Content Community in: The Flavors, Juice Fruitopia Edit Fruitopia is a fruit-flavoured drink introduced by The Coca-Cola Company in 1994 and targeted at teens and young. star. Rockstar comes in a 16 oz can or a large 24 oz can size. Part# Product Description 2FC1201 Food Chemicals Codex 12th Edition - Print 3881201 USP Food Chemicals Codex 12th. 2.